PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied

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with open('/etc/shadow', 'r') as f:  # root権限が必要
    content = f.read()

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with open('/usr/local/file.txt', 'w') as f:
    f.write('data')

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import os
os.mkdir('/root/new_dir')  # Permission denied

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# 別のプロセスがファイルを開いている
with open('locked_file.txt', 'w') as f:
    f.write('data')  # PermissionError

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import os

path = '/path/to/file'
print(f"Readable: {os.access(path, os.R_OK)}")
print(f"Writable: {os.access(path, os.W_OK)}")
print(f"Executable: {os.access(path, os.X_OK)}")

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import tempfile
import os

# 一時ディレクトリを使用
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as f:
    f.write(b'data')
    print(f.name)

# ユーザーディレクトリを使用
home = os.path.expanduser('~')
file_path = os.path.join(home, 'myfile.txt')

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import os
import stat

# 書き込み権限を追加
os.chmod('myfile.txt', stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IROTH)

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# Linux/macOS
sudo python script.py

# Windows（管理者として実行）

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try:
    with open('/etc/shadow', 'r') as f:
        content = f.read()
except PermissionError:
    print("権限がありません。sudo で実行してください。")

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import time

def write_with_retry(path, data, max_retries=5):
    for i in range(max_retries):
        try:
            with open(path, 'w') as f:
                f.write(data)
            return
        except PermissionError:
            if i < max_retries - 1:
                time.sleep(0.1)
            else:
                raise